LX0-104 Flash Cards
If you have or want to try a flash card program, I use Anki, which is a free program.
link to anki: https://apps.ankiweb.net/
I have uploaded my Anki flash cards here for download
https://upw.io/u5/LX0-104.apkg
Below are all of the flash cards in text!
Name the 4 X Window Servers currently available from oldest to newest
XFree86 was the first
Xorg-X11 came second
Accelerated-X came third and is a commercial X server
Wayland is the latest replacement for Xorg-X11
What command creates an xorg config file?
Xorg -configure
What are the 5 available sections that go in the ServerLayout?
screen, monitor, input device, device, Module
Name the two super server daemons available
Inetd and xinetd
What role does the super server perform?
Acts as a reverse proxy for services and turns them on only when needed and allowed via config files like hosts.allow or hosts.deny
List the two config files for inetd and xinetd, then list where to store custom configs for them.
/etc/inetd.conf
etc/inetd.d/
/etc/xinetd.conf
/etc/xinetd.d/
“How would you disable the service named “nginx” on a sysV system?”
chkconfig nginx off
“How would you disable the service named “nginx” on a upstart system?
” update-rc.d nginx remove
“How would you disable the service named “nginx” on a systemd system?
” systemctl disable nginx
How would you enable a specific xinetd server config file?
Find the file in /etc/xinetd.d/ and change disabled = yes to no then restart xinetd
What does GNUpg stand for?
GNU Privacy Guard
What two ways can you use GNUpg?
You can use it to sign messages with your private key and readers can verify it with your public key
or you can use it to encrypt messages with someone’s public key and they can decrypt the message with their private key
What command would you use to generate a GPG key?
gpg –gen-key
in GPG/SSH, what is the key fingerprint for?
The fingerprint is so that one can easily verify a public key by a short string.
In GPG what command would you use to export a public key to the mykey.pub file?
gpg –armor –export user@mydomain.com > mykey.pub
In GPG what command do you use to import someone’s public key?
gpg –import publickeyhere
in GPG, what command would you use to encrypt a file with a public key?
gpg -e myfile
then specify the user’s public key via email Adress
or
gpg -r dest@domain.com -e myfile
In GPG , what command would you use to decrypt an encrypted file?
gpg myfile
In GPG, why would we also password protect our private key?
Password protecting the private key provides us with a form of two factor authentication for the key so that if stolen it cannot be used without the password.
In GPG what command would you use to list all keys?
gpg –list-keys
in GPG how would you revoke a public key?
“1. Revoke it with “gpg –gen-revoke myuser@mydomain.com”
2. Copy the output to a a file like revocation.gpg
3. import the file.gpg with “gpg –import revocation.gpg”
4. Distribute the revocation to the key server via “gpg –keyserver gpgserver.domain.com –send-keys myuser@mydomain.com”
Now as long as the original key was created to check for revocations at the keyserver, they will revoke this key.
”
in GPG, how would you sign a file with your private key, then let someone verify it with your public key?
gpg –clearsign myfile
The above signs the file with your private key and saves it with a .asc extension
gpg –verify myfile.asc
The above verifies the file via the public key imported into the computer
Why is SSH better than telnet?
SSH is encrypted whereas telnet is not.
What two command sets can you use to login to a server via ssh?
server = 10.0.0.10 and user = root, type out the commands
ssh user@server
ssh -l user server
What is the known_hosts file and what purpose does it serve?
This file, stored in the user’s .ssh folder, is used to store public keys of servers so that you can verify it’s the same server you are connecting to.
What command can you use to generate ssh keys, then where are they stored?
ssh-keygen; they are stored in the user’s .ssh directory
In CentOS 7, how do you configure a server to accept your SSH key (private key) then disable password login?
1.Copy the contents of your public key, save it under the server’s ~/.ssh/authorized_keys ( or use ssh-copy-id).
2.Make sure the .ssh directory is CHMOD’d to 700 and the authorized_keys file is CHMOD’d to 600.
3.Edit /etc/ssh/sshd_config and set the paramater PasswordAuthentication no
4.Now restart SSH
How would you copy a local file (/home/user/myfile) in the directory to the user home directory on the remote server (10.0.0.102) via ssh as the root user?
SCP /home/user/myfile user@server:/home/user/myfile
What parameter can be used for SSH to forward X window back to the client? Give an example.
ssh -X root@server
How would you create a SSH tunnel on port 80 to the server’s port 80? Give an example.
ssh -f <ssh destination> -L <local port>:destination to redirect/trigger:<remoteport> -N
ssh -f root@server -L 80:server:80 -N
-f says run in background
-L says my local port to this remote port
-N says don’t run any commands on remote server
Now if you browse to http://127.0.0.1 on your local PC, it will redirect the port to the sever’s port 80
What format are hosts.allow and hosts.deny rules written?
service : x.x.x.x
x.x.x.x above is IP address.
What file can you edit to enable someone to sudo?
What command should be used instead of directly editing it? /etc/sudoers; visudo
What group can you add a user into to allow them to sudo?
Give the full example command. usermod -aG wheel myuser
Name the commands to execute as root or become root
sudo, and su
What files stores the user’s password hashed?
/etc/shadow
What file is the SSH config stored in?
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
On CentOS 7, how do you set an SSH server to only use Protocol 2?
“Edit /etc/ssh/sshd_config and set “Protocol 2″ then restart ssh via systemctl restart sshd”
“What command do you use to create “shortcuts” to other commands?
Give an Example” Alias is used to create shortcuts, ex: alias listall=’ls -la’
“What command would you use to delete the alias “listall” ?”
unalias listall
What prerequisite do you need to do before SSH tunneling will work?
“Edit /etc/ssh/sshd_config and set “AllowTCPForwarding yes”
What prereq must be completed before X forwarding over SSH will work?
“Edit /etc/ssh/ssd_config and set “X11Forwarding yes””
What is the /etc/skel directory for?
This is where all of the default files are, these files are copied into new user’ home directories when they are created.
How would you edit the hostname variable then make it available to sub shells as a variable?
HOSTNAME=myhostname.domain.com
export HOSTNAME
In bash scripting, how would you combine different commands, in one line? Give an example.
“I would do something like this “ls -la ; clear”
The above runs the list command, then clears the screen, all in one line.
What 3 commands will list out all of the ENV variables?
env ; printenv ; set
In a user’s home directory list the bash scripts in order of most preferred, to least preferred.
.bash_profile, .bash_login , .profile
What is the bash logout script called in the user’s home directory that is executed on log out?
.bash_logout
What is /etc/inputrc for?
Keyboard and terminal customization
What string must come at the beginning of every script for it to execute properly?
What is an easy way to remember it ? #! /bin/bash ; One can remember it by thinking SHE BANG BIN BASH
“What is required before running this shell script like this : “./myscript.sh” ; Write out how.”
Before executing the script it requires execute permission ; chmod u+x myscript.sh; then run ./myscript.sh
How can you execute a linux script, without giving it execute permissions?
bash myscript.sh
What is the main difference between sourcing a script and executing it?
Sourcing it runs it in the current shell’s language, while executing it runs it in the configured shell. Also, sourcing it does not require execution permission while executing it does.
How can you pass variables into a bash script? Give an example.
“By using positional variables such as $1 and $2.
./myscript.sh variable variable2
Then in the script you should have references to these variables like so
echo “this command executes $1″
echo ” this command executes $2″
”
Create a variable called myname with the value of victor, syntactically correct.
“myname=”Victor””
Why would you not set a password like this?
useradd victor -p mypassword It stores it in /etc/shadow unhashed.
“What does the “unset” command do? Give an example.”
“It unsets variables. Like this “Unset myvar””
“How would you store the results of a command in a variable? Store the result of “ls” in a variable.
mylist=$(ls)
How would you accept user prompt in a bash script? Give an example.
By using the read command.
echo “what is your name?”
read name
echo “your name is $name”
Write out all of the commands necessary to create a bash script, with a if then condition, then execute it.
“vi myscript.sh
#! /bin/bash
myname=”victor”
if [ $myname == “victor” ]
then
echo “Your name is Victor”
else
echo “Your name is not Victor :(”
fi
chmod u+x
./myscript.sh
”
“What does the “test” command do in a bash script?”
It tests if the variable is true, or if it has any content in it, it will return 1 for true.
“With respect to bash, what is “seq” and how is it used?”
seq just prints a range or sequence of numbers. For example “seq 1 10” prints 1..10. or just “seq 10”.
When is it good to run a script with exec, why?
exec is best used when you need to run a script within a script because it closes the shell once it’s done executing.
Write out all of the commands needed to write and execute a for loop script.
vi myscript.sh
#! /bin/bash
for num in $(seq 10);
do
echo $num
done
chmod u+x myscript.sh
./myscript.sh
What does SQL stand for?
structured query language
List 4 possible SQL implementations and their descriptions
mysql – the original mysql now owned by oracle
mariadb – a fork of mysql, open source
postgresql – a bsd alternative to mysql
sqllite – a lightweight SQL database
What is another name for the rows in an SQL table?
TUPLE
What is another name for a column in an SQL table?
attribute
What is another name for type of info in an SQL attribute?
data type/ data domain
How would you login to the local SQL database as root?
mysql -u root -p
What follows every sql command? A
semicolon.
In SQL, what command will select the database MYDB? Type an example.
use MYDB;
What SQL command will list all available databases? Type out an example.
show databases;
In SQL, what command will show all tables in a database? Type it out.
show tables;
How would you create a table called mytable with 2 columns in SQL? Type an example.
create table mytable (name varchar(10), lastname varchar(10));
How would you insert a first and last name, into the table ‘mytable’ with 2 attributes of firstname and lastname? Type it out.
insert into mytable values(‘firstname’,’lastname’);
In SQL, how would you view all values from all attributes from the table mytable? Type it out.
select * from mytable;
In SQL, how would you view only the firstname, lastname attributes from mytable, type it out.
select firstname, lastname from mytable;
“In SQL, how would you select only the rows in ‘mytable’ that have a firstname of “victor”? type it out.”
select * from mytable where firsname=’victor’;
In SQL, how would you delete the table ‘mytable’? Type it out.
drop mytable;
In SQL, how would you delete every row where the attribute firstname equals victor (in a table called mytable)? Type it out.
delete from mytable where firstname=’victor’;
What is the order of preference that hosts.allow and host.deny is checked?
Hosts.allow is checked first, so any allow rule supercedes any deny rules.
What mail emulator program do most distros expect to see installed?
sendmail
Name 4 mail servers (MTA)
sendmail ( the original)
Qmail (not open source, public domain)
Exim
Postfix (most used)
What file can you edit to dictate where accounts or services forward their mail to?
/etc/aliases
When done editing the /etc/aliases file, what command do you need to run?
newaliases
What command can you use to check the mail queue?
mailq
What command can you use to check your user’s mail?
mail -u user
“What command can you use to send an email to the user “bob” from the command line?”
mail bob
Are linux accounts case-sensitive?
Yes
What file lists groups and their membership?
/etc/group
What file lists users, their userID, their primary group, and their home directory path?
/etc/passwd
What command would you use to create the user bob?
useradd bob
What command would you use to set the user bob’s password ?
passwd bob
“What does “passwd testuser -l” do?”
Locks the account
“What does “passwd testuser -u” do?
” Unlocks the account
“What does “passwd testuser -d” do?
” Removes the password on the account.
“What does “passwd testuser -S” do?
” displays info about the account
How would you rename a user? usermod -l new old
What command will change a user’s home directory and move files? Ex: move bob’s files to bob2
usermod -m -d bob /home/bob2
How do we set a bob’s account to expire on 1/1/2018 ?
chage -E 1/1/2018 bob
What command remove’s bob user account along with his home directory?
usedel -r bob
“What command create’s the group “friends” ?”
groupadd friends
“What command deletes the group “friends” ?”
groupdel friends
What command lists all the groups the user bob is a part of?
groups bob
How do we check the systemlog with systemd?
journalctl
Where are linux log files generally stored?
/var/log
List 4 syslog systems for linux.
syslogd
rsyslogd
syslog-ng
journalctl
What is the format of the syslog config in syslog.conf?
facilities.priority action
What are the valid priorities or log levels as it relates to syslog? Lowest to highest priority.
debug
informational
notification
warning
error
critical
alert
emergency
What command can we use to manually generate the log “this is a test”
“logger “this is a test”
How do we set the linux software clock to push it’s time to the hardware clock?
hwclock –systohc
How do we display the hardware clock? sudo hwclock or sudo hwclock -r
What is NTP stratum?
Stratum means how many NTP server hops away we are from the ultimate time source.
Where is the NTP config for linux?
/etc/ntp.conf
How do you list all ntp peers? ntpq -p or –peers
What three ways can we schedule jobs in linux?
1. Using the “at” command
2. Using cronjobs
3. Using Batch (runs jobs when system load average is low)
What two sub types of cron jobs exist?
1. system cron jobs
2. user cron jobs
How do we edit the user cronjobs?
crontab -e
How do we edit SYSTEM cron jobs?
vi /etc/crontab
“How do we schedule a cronjob to run the command “ls” once every day at 7 AM ?”
* 7 * * * ls
When writing cronjobs, what is the meaning of the 5 asterisk fields?
1.minute
2.hour
3.day of month
4. month
5. day of week
“How would you schedule the command “ls” at 1 PM with “at” ?”
at 1300
ls
(press ctrl d)
What command can you use to check the at queue? atq
What command can you use to remove scheduled AT commands? atrm
What file would you edit to set manual host to IP mappings in Linux? Add an entry for myserver at 10.0.0.10
vi /etc/hosts
10.0.0.10 myserver
What file can you edit to configure the interface eth0?
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
What file would you edit to manually set your DNS servers in linux?
/etc/resolv.conf
How would you enable IP forwarding in linux?
Edit the 0 to 1 in /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
What file can you edit to manually set a hostname in linux permanently?
/etc/hostname
List two ways to print the route table in Linux.
1. route
2. netstat -r
What global login script gets executed when a user logins?
/etc/profile
name the two major font type technologies
Bitmap fonts – older fonts quick required multiple files, didnt scale well
outline fonts – newer fonts that scaled well, one file, took more cpu to process
Name the two subtypes of Outline fonts
adobe post script type 1, truetype
What file must be edited to add XFT fonts, then what program must you run ?
edit /etc/fonts/local.conf
run
sudo fc-cache
Write a bash script function below called ‘listfunction’ which changes directories and lists all of the files.
listfunction() {
cd /
ls
}
In Bash scripting what does the command ‘$’? tell you?
It tells you the exit code of the last executed command:
0 for success
1 for failure
in SQL, how would you update all objects ‘cost’ to 10 where their attribute ‘clothing’ is ‘shirt’ (in the table mytable)?
update mytable set cost=10 where clothing=’shirt’;
In SQL, we have a table called names, with attributes for firstname and lastname, how would you count all people with the same last name and display them in groups together?
select lastname, count(*) from names group by lastname;
What can you or a local user edit in their home directory to forward their mail?
~/.forward
What file can you edit to configure the systemd-journald daemon?
/etc/systemd/journald.conf
What does Linux utilize to rotate logs? How does it run? Where is it’s config file? What else does it do?
“Linux utilizes the “logrotate” program.This program runs via cron jobs. It’s config is in /etc/logrotate.conf. It deletes, and compresses old logs in /var/log”
In Linux, what network ports are priveleged and what ports are unpriveleged? What does that mean?
Priveleged ports are 1-1023 and unpriveleged are ports 1024-65k
This means to start programs listening on ports 1-1023, you must be root.
What fields must be present in ifcfg-eth0; for a static iP (list all)?
device=name
bootproto=static
onboot=yes
ipaddr=192.168.1.10
netmask=255.255.255.0
gateway=192.168.1.1
network=192.168.1.0
broadcast=192.168.1.255
What fields must be present in ifcfg-eth0 for a DHCP IP (list all)?
device=’name’
bootproto=’dhcp’
onboot=’yes’
What is the /etc/services file for?
Translates names to ports/protocol for programs.
With ifconfig, how would you assign eth0 an ip of 192.168.1.55/24
ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.55 netmask 255.255.255.0
With ifconfig, how would you bring the interface eth0 up or down?
ifconfig eth0 up
ifup eth0
ifconfig eth0 down
ifdown eth0
What is LSOF? What parameter lets you check the network aspect of it?
LSOF is a tool to list open files, however when you add the -i parameter it lists programs and their listening ports.
What is the format of entries in resolv.conf ? What else can be in there?
Entries of nameservers must be like this
nameserver 8.8.8.8
you may also include your default domain in there, like so
domain lab.local
What can you edit to make the Linux system consult DNS before /etc/hosts? What do you set?
Edit /etc/nsswitch.conf
and set
hosts: dns files
What command will list the limitations each user has on core file sizes, cpu time, max processes, and open files?
ulimit -a
What is a group password, how would you set it, and how would you use it?
“A group password is a password for a group
You set it by using “gpasswd mygroup” (you will be prompted for a pass)
You would use it by using “newgrp groupname” to switch groups but you will be prompted for the password
“